Industrial Revolution 3 Essay Example For Students

Industrial Revolution 3 Essay INDUSTRIAL STUDIES ASSIGNMENT NO 1Development of Engineering since the Industrial RevolutionThe Main Outcomes of the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century. The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The inventiveness of our ancestors in these as well as other industries such as textiles chemical electrical and transportation contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution. The first two of these coal and iron provided the capital infrastructure and options for future development, whilst textiles supported and encouraged developments. Coal was originally mined by small groups even families, using the long wall system. * SEE DIA 1. This technique was changed dramatically with the invention of the Commen engine. * SEE DIA 2. (named after its inventor THOMAS NEWCOMMEN) This was a pump that pumped the water out of coalmines allowing deeper more productive mines to be worked by more people. This in turn had effects on the production of ironIn the early 1700s iron was produced by burning vast quantities of wood. The production techniques were crude. Technology had already provided machines like the newcommen engine; this pumping device allowed ABRAHAM DARBY II to fill a millpond to power a water wheel for a blast furnace. This enabled the production of better quality pig iron. This technique provided the iron for the manufacture of one of the major symbols of the industrial revolution the Ironbridge over the river seven. * SEE DIA 3. A water wheel also played a major part in one of the first inventions within the textile industry. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented the water frame for spinning (1769) this device was used by local man JEDEDIAH STRUTT in a mill at Cromford. The changes within the textile industry from wool to cotton called for more and more mechanisation. The mechanisation of the industry also led the setting up of the first factories; some of the first major mechanical devices were to be used in these factories. Such as JOHN KAYS Flying Shuttle (1733), JAMES HARGEAVES Spinning Jenny (1764), SAMUEL CROMPTONS Spinning Mule (1779), and EDMUND CARTWRIGHTS Power Loom (1785). To name a few. Cotton was being imported from the Americas in the early 1700s. This material made the cities of Manchester and Nottingham increase in size over cities like Exeter and Norwich as they relied on wool. These increases in sizes in our industrial towns coincided with an explosion in population, which has not been fully understood or explained since. All of these factors paved the way forward for a rapid rate of economic and social growth. Which spurred on the industrialisation of our country. Development of New Energy Conversion MachinesThe very first machines to be produced at the start of the industrial revolution were used in the textile industry. These machines utilised the waterpower from rivers and millponds to drive the various mechanisms employed. The first powered invention was the steam engine, originally the invention of THOMAS NEWCOMMEN (1705) but later developed by JAMES WATT (1769) Watt eventually went into partnership with MATHEW BOULTON to produce a rotary engine. This very important invention was used by mill owners to drive SAMUEL Comptons mule. They were also used in waterworks and breweries. After this came the non-condensing steam engine by RICHARD TREVITHICK who m in 1801 was the first to put into operation an engine carrying passengers. And then in 1804 he made the first application to the hauling of heavy loads along a railway. His locomotive carried 10 tons about 91/2 miles. He is considered by many to be the real inventor of the steam locomotive whereas GEORGE STEVENSONS first locomotive The BULCHER was first demonstrated in July 1814. His ROCKET of 1829 achieved 29 miles per hour. This is another great symbol of the Industrial Revolution and was the starting point of the modern railways. Later developments were the use of diesel and electricity. The first machine for producing electricity was invented in 1672 by OTTO VON GUERICKE. A French scientist CHARLES FRANCIOS DU CISTERNAY DU FAY discovered the two types of electrical charges around 1745. In 1879 JOSEPH SWAN developed the electric light bulb. He together with THOMAS EDDISON began light bulb manufacture in Gateshead. In 1884 CHARLES PARSONS steam turbines (another Gateshead invention) were being utilised all over the country to produce electricity to provide light in factories and to power electric trams. These powerhouses as they were called were in the private sector of the industry and remained highly competitive. The major power producing company of that time was the Newcastle upon Tyne Power Company. The use of electricity led to the development of electrical motors to power early machines like trams, hoovers, sewing machines and countless other inventions. In 1926 the central electricity board established the national grid, this standardised electrical outputs and voltages across the country whereas before there had been chaotic variations in voltages and frequencies of supply and use. The use of electricity in factories after this standardisation led to the increased production of the new transport industries. The manufacture of bicycles, aircraft, and most predominantly the motor car increased with the utilisation of all forms of electrically powered machines. There were also increases in all forms of electrical engineering from light bulbs and radios to generating plant and machinery. Natural Resources e.g. Coal PetrochemicalsThe British coal industry was the major contributor to the Industrial Revolution. The industry utilised the first steam powered engines of Newcommen and many more that followed. As production grew from these applications the new railways were used to transport the vast amounts of coal being produced. In 1830 steam power could wind men and coal up and down a few hundred feet. By the 1860s there were pithead engines of 1500 hp. For 100 years from 1850 coal made up more than half of the railways freight. In 1913 one out of every 14 British workers was employed at a coalmine. In the same year there were 3,289 pits. Coal was used to power the giant iron works and the textile industry. The gasworks of the early 1800s were burning thousands of tons per year. The coal used in these gasworks was roasted and this resulted in coke as a waste product. This coke was then sold on to the ironworks. In the 1860s British engineers were still improving the steam engine. But there French and German counterparts were short of steam coal so they turned there attention to gas. A Frenchman ETIENE LENOIR made the first internal combustion engine. ContdAfter the first oil wells were sunk in America it was possible to use petrol vapour instead of gas. In about 1885 two Germans KARL BENZ and GOTTLEIB DAIMLER fitted such an engine to a horseless carriage. That was the start of the motor car industry. Petrol was bought from the USA but this was expensive. Oil refineries were built around the coast to make petrol from the oil we bought from the Arab countries. Oil refining gave us the raw materials for man- made fibres such as rayon, nylon, and terelene. The Arabs raised the price of their crude oil when Britain gave its support to Israel. Britain had fortunately found oil recently of the coast in the North Sea. This oil and later gas was pumped ashore by private companies. The Change from Agriculture To Industry Britains change from an agricultural society to the industrial nation it became was an extremely necessary development. In the 1700s there were only 5 million people in the whole country. The vast majority of these people using their local environment to support themselves. Britain was a nation of villages relying on home-grown produce and livestock. As the population expanded at a remarkable rate our productivity had to improve. Our ability to manufacture goods from the raw materials we were importing from our colonisation of the world prepared our nation for the tremendous changes. The merchants that prospered in these times spent their money on the luxuries of large houses and carriages, although some of their wealth was lent to manufactures to start up new industries. They also set up or started their own banks. With the help of these banks the various industries expanded. The need for workers to build equip and run the new factories in the ever growing industrialised towns and cities changed the nation as a whole. These new industries in Britain gave the people better standards of living and some if only a little disposable income to spend on consumer goods. All of these factors paved the way forward for a rapid rate of growth, which spurred on the industrialisation of our nation. Emergence of New Crafts, Skills, And Professions in Engineering. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution new industries created the needs for new skills, workers of the day had to adapt and train to the new methods and working patterns. One of the greatest engineers of the Industrial Revolution was ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL (1803-1859). He designed and oversaw the building of the Great Western Railway and the first transatlantic steamship The Greatwestern. (sadly the last ship built on the Thames). Brunel as engineer had to take on many duties covering many aspects of his projects. At one time he took overall charge of 4,000 men and 300 h orses working around the clock on a tunnel building project. Engineers were very skilled and highly competent men able to take on the roles of: landsurveyer, carpenter, mason, brickmaker, boatmaker, paymaster and supervisor. One industry that had a major influence over the working patterns at the start of the Industrial Revolution was the pottery industry, a man called JOSHUA WEDGEWOOD built a factory in Staffordshire and trained his workers in separate skills or tasks. There were different jobs created such as throwers, turners, pressers, dippers, brushers, placers, colour grinders, and modellers. No longer did a single person make a single product from beginning to end. In the early 1790s weekly wages in his factories ranged from 1s for a boy who helped handle horses to 42s (2.10) for a skilled hand painter. The skills required in precision engineering were to brought to the industry by two great engineers BOULTON and WATT, they combined the precision skills of the watch and cloc kmakers (These highly skilled craftsmen worked with brass in almost microscopic detail.) with the skills of millwrights. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher In The Rye EssayThe Main Branches of IndustryEngineering industryLight engineering heavy engineeringMechanical electrical/electronic mechanical electricalTooling The Broad Divisions of Heavy and Light IndustryHeavy industry can be divided into different sectors of production the mains ones being machinery, chemical, steel, vehicle, and shipping. The companies involved in this type of industry are usually very large, with a large amount of labour, plant and equipment and a very large annual turnover. The companies within heavy industry can produce products that are so large and time consuming that they often have a stronghold over their chosen market. Light industry on the other hand is diverse in its extremely varied products and applications, these can be an object so small that the human eye cannot see to large scale manufacture of extremely accurate components. The companies in this sector of engineering can vary from large multinationals producing thousands of different items to one man operated businesses producing one off products to the specific requirements of their customers. The Structure of Industry ?Nationalised Industries, Monopolies, Co-operatives and Small Firms. Britains first industries were nationalised by the conservatives before the war. These were the National Grid, London Transport and two airline companies. After the war the Labour party added to these with B.E.A. and the Bank of England, these were small steps in comparison to the eventual nationalisation of the coal, steel, electricity, gas, and transport industries. In nationalising these various important industries the government didnt expect the boards who oversaw these giants to make big profits. The main reason for nationalisation was to see that these industries were modernised. Before the nationalisation of the National Grid there were 500 separately owned power stations providing electricity to the National Grid. Nationalisation of the coal industry gave the chance to end the long running disputes between miners and their owners, and also made it possible to mechanise the smaller pits. The companies nationalised were by coincidence the major suppliers of their products, whe n this occurs within industry the companies concerned are said to be monopolies. Monopolies are formed when a manufacturing or supplying company has is the sole supplier of the product or service. These monopolies have the power to dictate to customers rather than the other way around. British gas had the monopoly on the gas supplies, British Telecom the monopoly on the supply and use of the telephone and ancillary equipment, as did the very large companies within the electricity distribution sector. Co-operatives. In 1844 a small group of Rochdale weavers found 28 people to pay 1 each to start the Rochdale equitable pioneers, they used the money to decorate an old warehouse in Toad Lane and to buy goods and open a shop. Customers were given a dividend on each article they bought. The idea quickly spread through the north of England, in just seven years there were 130 shops owned by the co-operative societies, in 1863 there were enough societies to start there own suppliers, the co-operative wholesale society (C.W.S.). In 1872 the CWS began to make its own biscuits, boots and soap and a wide range of own brand goods, the CWS improved living standards of millions who went there for their shopping, insurance and the first dignified funerals working class people could afford. small firms within the engineering industry are usually supported by the needs of the larger engineering companies, small specialist firms can produce items or components that might be one offs or long runs of intricate design, these items can be bought by the larger companies cheaper than it would cost them to set up their own production. The Role of Trade Unions and Employer OrganisationsThe role of the trade unions in the early stages of the coal mining industry was to try to promote safety and get better deals for its members. The early trade unions were known as trade societies, these societies helped members who were out of work by using letters or tickets to help them obtain work from other societies outside their own towns. Sometimes society men would combine against an employer or master. They would use this and another method called tuning out or striking to try to pursuade their masters to agree to a rise in wages or stop new machinery entering their workshops. When the masters found these combinations were siding together on them they went to the parliament for help, in 1797 parliament passed a law prohibiting these combinations in 40 trades. These laws didnt work and the societies grew and multiplied in number. Other groups often organised themselves to attempt to stop the use of machines, the often used f orce and smashed up the machinery that they thought threatened their livelihoods, they were known as the LUDDITES. Parliament passed a bill to make this smashing of machines punishable by hanging and in many counties in the north of England Luddites were hanged for their offences,The first national trade union was the A.S.E. the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Their membership was made up of skilled people and journeymen who paid a weekly subscription of 1/-, the A.S.E. offered pensions and benefits for sickness and death, and it also built up a sizeable strike fund. It could afford a headquarters in London and a full time official to put members views across to M.Ps newspaper editors and anyone else who might support their cause. Employer organisationsAs the power of the trade unions grew a counterforce was required by the employers. In 1870 the national federation of employers associated was founded. By 1936 there were a total of1820 employers organisations registered, they mainly dealt with wage bargaining and labour questioning in general. A forum was created for the exchange of technical ideas and development. Pressure groups encouraged favourable legislation. In todays industry, employers organisations fall into two categories:1. Those concerned with the common interest of a particular trade or technology. The engineering employers federation in London co-ordinates the engineering employers association, this operates at local level and is largely concerned with wage bargaining and representing engineering employers interests locally and nationally. 2. General groups of employers, for example, the confederation of British industry, this balances the role of the TUC this also acts as a pressure group encouraging favourable government response to the requirements of British industry at home and abroad. There are also technical development associations, providing a forum for technical exchange, carrying out fundamental research on behalf of their member companies, one of these being the copper development association (C.D.A.). and the motor industry research association (M.I.R.A.).