Capital Punishment A Question Of Life And Death

Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death Introduction: The debate about capital punishment, commonly referred to as â€Å"the death penalty†, is as old as the death penalty itself. It is caused by different controversial opinions about the propriety and legitimacy of the death penalty. It’s not surprising that since the start of this debate the philosophical or ethical arguments against or in favour of the death penalty has remained notably unchanged. Thesis statement: The public concern about the death penalty has reasonably resulted from perceived risk that errors in the legal system and potential political and personal bias; could result in the execution of innocent people. Paragraph 1: According to Amnesty International, â€Å"The death penalty legitimizes an irreversible act of violence by the state and will inevitably claim innocent victims. As long as human justice remains fallible, the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated .† International attention has started focusing on the frequent discovery of innocent people convicted as the failure of law enforcement systems. Over the past twenty years there have been many well publicized cases in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States as well as Canada of wrongfully convicted persons. Thus, public confidence has been eroded as unjust conviction represents a triple failure of the criminal justice systems; innocent has been put in jail; a true criminal is privileged to enjoyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Death Penalty1342 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today’s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruelRead MoreLiterature Review on Death Penalty1028 Words   |  5 PagesDo You Agree With The Death Penalty? Abstract The main focus on this literature review paper is going to be over â€Å"Do you agree with the death penalty?†. I gathered information by asking a series of questions of other individuals. Some of the questions I asked was, â€Å"Do you think the death penalty is a deterrent from a crime?†, and â€Å"How should the death penalty be administered?† My goal is to find out how many people agree or disagree with the death penalty, and why. This will be a goodRead MoreThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has long been a topic for heated debate throughout the United States of America and the civilized world. For many politicians, the death penalty has been a key pillar to winning a state or election; and, to some extent, politics have been a key influence in America’s justice system. Many nations have outlawed capital punishment, with the United States included between 1972 and 1976. In t he United States, there has been a renewed movement for this â€Å"eye for an eye† method, citingRead More The Need for Capital Punishment in America Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagescrime as murder is punishable by death. Americans should take a position for anyone on death row, to be executed sooner rather than later. The moral reality in an argument for capital punishment is that they know the difference between the death penalty and what happens when it is actually put into place from the court of law. In the United States there are more people sitting in prison on death row than actually being executed at time of sentence. When the death penalty is not carried out, thenRead MoreEssay on A Call for Change: Abolishing the Death Penalty1728 Words   |  7 Pagesidea from the past has become crooked and is no longer needed. A fashion of punishment might have benefited society in past generations, but the human race is always advancing and improving; therefore, a change must occur to keep enhancing humanity. One change must be capital punishment. The United States’ government must stop trying to preclude murder by committing murder and the ultimate punishment should be prison for life with no chance of parole. In 2010, 558 citizens in the state of Georgia wereRead MoreCapital Punishment : Imposition Of A Penalty Of Death By The State Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment: Imposition of a penalty of death by the state. Capital punishment has been widely practiced ever since ancient times, as far back as 1500 B.C. From the fall of Rome to the beginning of modern times, capital punishment has been practiced all over the world. However, the problem in the justice system is that the death penalty can be wrongfully applied. This is rare but it does happen, the falsely incriminated is sentenced and executed. It is important that the government stillRead MoreCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreAll Proven Rapists, Pedophiles and Murderers Should Receive Capital Punishment1036 Words   |  5 PagesWorking Title: â€Å"Capital punishment for all proven rapists, pedophiles, and murderers should be made the order of the day.† In the eighteenth century, death penalty was used as the severe Punishment if a Person disobeyed the laws. Death penalty also known as Capital Punishment is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner for a serious crime. The court, who administers the law enacted by parliament, will, after conviction of a criminal who has done serious offence, sentence him to be killedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Viewed With Two Different Thoughts782 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment is viewed with two different thoughts, those for it and those against it. There are those who feel that it is not right to take another person’s life for it makes the system responsible for the death no better than the convicted murderer. The Catholic Church is on of this out there who opposes to the death penalty. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the Catholic Church has become an influential voice in the public debate about the death penalty(Klein).† Because of the influence theRead MoreCa pital Punishment Should Be Allowed955 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is execution, which can furthermore be identified as the death penalty, has been a hot topic in the public eye for a while. The question on lots of minds is whether it is acceptable for the state to terminate one’s life for the crime they have committed. A significant question that we will address is whether or not capital punishment should be allowed. By inquiring more information about this topic people should be able to formulate their own opinions on this debate. As I began

The Importance Of Writing An Criminal Justice - 1091 Words

Criminal Justice is basically a system that practices getting those who violates the law with any kind of crime attempts. That is why writing skills is important in Criminal Justice. In these formal organizations, policies, procedural guidelines for specific practices, memoranda, press releases, research reports, and communications with judicial and legislative bodies are all forms of written media. Leadership ability and program development are closely related to writing skills. It will boost your confidence and awareness towards any challenge. You will also examine the operations of the various systems of criminal justice. Here are some examples and my opinions of what I think about writing in criminal justice. Writing in this field is very important because all incidents, arrests, collisions, etc, must be cited in clear, concise language. lets say you are a public information officer, so that means you have to write a press release on a daily basis. If you have audience that are different then you can either go to their level and write your best where they can read it, or you don’t write how you usually write. For an example, just write your report with good details and make sure they can understand it. Every report should be written so any organization can read it and get a clear picture of the assets. Since criminal and civil court cases go before juries, you have to write reports in plain language, with the assumption that they have no law enforcement or legalShow MoreRelatedImportance of College Education in the Field of Criminal Justice656 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of College Educat ion in Criminal Justice Field: The criminal justice field has careers that provide an individual with great rewards and significant opportunities to an extent that the profession is considered as one with the bright spots in employment. Even though education in this field has had a checkered history and past, it probably has a bright future because of the increased quest for quality in criminal justice education. In the past few years, the criminal justice field hasRead MoreInvestigation Of Criminal Justice And Corrections1539 Words   |  7 Pages Criminal Justice and Corrections Staci Pribbenow Kaplan University Introduction Criminal justice has been a passion of mine for many years. It wasn’t until recently that I decided to go back to school to obtain my master’s degree in criminal justice. I have chosen to focus on the field of corrections in the criminal justice system. I want to make a difference and help those individuals that need help once being released from a prison setting. There are so many differentRead MoreLeadership Skills and Criminal Justice Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Skills for Criminal Justice Professionals Leadership involves the commitment, dedication, and risk taking attitude of the individual, which also includes other skills to accomplish the tasks. â€Å"In a criminal justice organization, leadership is essential to the success of the goals of the organization† (McKinney, 2008).Criminal justice professionals should develop and maintain leadership skills in their professional and personal lives because they are role models, and their decision-makingRead MoreExplore the reasons why victim participation creates tension and conflict in the contemporary criminal justice system.1374 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Explore the reasons why victim participation creates tension and conflict in the contemporary criminal justice system. Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to explore the impact of victim statements in the contemporary criminal justice system and observe how it can create tension and conflict in the courtroom between the victim, and the courts process itself. There are two pieces of literature used as the focal point of this review, they are; Tracey Booth’sRead MoreEssay Ethics in Criminal Justice1263 Words   |  6 PagesETHICS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CRJ 306 – INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE KRISTA L. JONES PROFESSOR COURTNEY SEVERINO July 29, 2013 Ethics in Criminal Procedure and Criminal Justice Actions and inactions all have moral implications; they are either right or wrong depending on the individual and what s/he believes or feels is right or wrong. Each person’s conduct can and does have implications and ramifications. For every action there is an equal and/or oppositeRead MoreR. Ellisonaj 041Effective Written Communication 30830Assignment1161 Words   |  5 PagesR. Ellison AJ 041 Effective Written Communication 30830 Assignment #10 1.) The course covered areas that are critical for justice to be served. Much of the text highlighted the need for correct, reliable, complete, and understandable language required from law enforcement. The first chapter was about writing correctly by organizing, understanding confusing words and phrases and using proper sentences. This chapter also laid out ways and means to improve your verbal and written communication. ThisRead MoreDirectives And Regulations Are Forms Of Secondary Eu Legislation1262 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment in certain conditions. Conditions such as a pressing social need or to pursue a legitimate aim. Some human rights must be qualified to provide flexibility in the law to deal with unique situations. (OU, 2017b, 2.1). 2a) †¢ Introduction - Importance of the court system and the different classifications. †¢ Paragraph 1 – U6 – 7.1/U10 – 3.2 - Definition of courts of first instance and examples. - Magistrates Courts/Judges †¢ Paragraph 2 – U10 – 2.3 - County Courts †¢ Paragraph 3 – U6 – 7.1 - AppellateRead MoreThe Criminal Justice Advisory Meeting Essay762 Words   |  4 Pages The criminal Justice Advisory members met in room 7242 and discussed issues of importance since the last meeting, which was held on October 28, 2014. Originally, it was though that Captain Weldon Bullock of the Vance county Sheriff’s Office would chair the committee. However, after a review of the previous minutes members learned that Captain Bullock was not the designated chair. The law enforcement personnel designated to chair the meeting was not present as the Criminal Justice Advisory MeetingRead MoreWhat Causes Delinquent Behavior Essays931 Words   |  4 Pagesengage in deviant behavior or to choose not to commit crimes at all. We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people engage in delinquent behavior. Early philosophers and scientists studied the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using different forms of theories, which in tu rn, lead to the Classical School and the Positive School. We all use theories in our everyday life. We make assumptions about certain things, that in turn allow us to form a kindRead MoreUnderstanding Criminals Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesengage in criminal activities. We as human beings are all capable of committing or engaging in delinquent behavior. What stands in the way of a person that makes them decided to engage in deviant behavior or to choose not to commit crimes at all? We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people make decisions like these everyday. Early philosophers and scientists looked carefully and dug deep into the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using theories

Social Media And Its Effect On Communication - 1269 Words

Social media and social networking seems to be play an imperative part in individuals lives around the world. Not only is it part of your everyday life, but it is also about of the workforce world as well. Many can debate whether social media is crippling or in fact improving our communication skills. Perhaps sitting behind a computer communicating with our family and friends seems to be getting easier. However, what happen to the days where one would have to pick up the phone and reach out to their family friends? Rather they now use Facebook, snapchat, email or even more popular with the millennials is sending a text message to say what they want to or to ask a question. Social media may be a fun to communicate of keep up with your†¦show more content†¦It is a constant source of news, entertainment, and education for users around the world. Furthermore, technology, and social media did not achieve its popularity until about ten to fifteen years ago, Twitter, Facebook, Inst agram and other similar social media outlets have become the most visited destinations on the internet. They are now accessible at the click of our thumbs. These said websites allow its users to quickly and easily share pictures, send an invite to a party or have a conversation whether it is with pictures or words with other users; theoretically simplifying social interaction. These services, through a combination of accessibility, simplicity, and intuitive design promote positive social behavior by encouraging interaction among our relatives, acquaintances and our colleagues. Social media is being utilized by businesses, whether it is for recruitment reasons, to promote a product or an event they will be hosting. Social media is vastly utilized by students, for example when taking an online course that is the only way really to communicate with their classmates. Parents have now had to come to terms with the times and learn to use social media, whether it is to keep tracker of their kids, or to solely communicate with their children. Social media is being used in various forms by numerous platforms for many reasons. I find the role social media plays throughout the world when it comes to communicationShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Communication1361 Words   |  6 PagesDuring a crisis, social media channels such as blogs, Facebook pages and instant messages can be used to keep stakeholders updated, stay connected with stakeholders, and collectively find a solution to overcome a crisis (Ulmer et al., 2015). While a number of social media characteristics are typically considered before its adoption in communication activities, three characteristics are mentioned more frequently in communication literature. In most crisis communication studies, speed, ease of reachRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Communication Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagesthat social media has become the new form of verbal communication. Though it may seem much less time consuming, it is often misinterpreted; what used to be a simple verbal dialog can now become a messy game of â€Å"telephone† by hiding behind a keyboard. The way people use social media to present themselves is the leading factor in miscommunication and false self-disclosure. On the other end, social media has many benefits in connecting people all over the world. The actual use of social media when communicatingRead MoreEffects of social media on communication skills1675 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Social Media on Communication Skills May 20, 2013 Abstract This paper summarizes the effects of social media on hindering communication skills and reducing social activity in the world. Each reason is supported by evidence by referring to four published books and some articles online. It focuses mainly on social media via the Web, such as, Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, to which many of the youth are exposed to nowadays, and this exposure has led to addiction. ThisRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1644 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s day in age almost everyone has some form of social media. Many people have more than one. Whether it is Facebook, Twitter or some other form. We all use it to express and communicate our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and the world. Because of this many people do not know how to communicate face to face anymore and many times even hide behind their keyboard. Keller (2013), Quotes Paul Booth an assistant professor of media and cinema studies saying â€Å"There has been a shift in th eRead MoreThe Effect of Social Media on Relationships1718 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Effect of Social Media on Relationships New communication technologies are changing the lives of everyone around the world, including the way people foster relationships. Yet, from Psychology Today to The New York Times editorial page, everyone is weighing in on the harmful effects of social media on relationships. Criticisms include the danger of isolation, the loss of social etiquette, and the possibility of being misled by web-based information posted on Internet forums like FacebookRead MoreHow Social Media Improved Communication? Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesThe social media is one of the most common ways of communication and pretty much of knowing anything and everything around the world these days, and it is growing very rapidly. It changes and affects each person in a different way, or ways. Some may argue that social media has a bad influence on children and young adults, and that it negatively effects their brains, character, or personalities, while most people see that the social media has a more positive eff ect on them than a negative one. MoreoverRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1716 Words   |  7 PagesTwitter, Instagram, and many other social media sites, these changed the way that we communicate with one another. Social platforms allow people to share events of their own lives, through posting photos, leaving comments, updating their status, and many others. For example, â€Å"As of today, there are a little over 322 million people that live in the United States, 64% of whom own a smartphone. This means that approximately 206 million people have access to social media, anywhere at any time. FurthermoreRead MoreSocial Media Has A Positive Effect On People s Life943 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media is website and application which allow operators to connect and share information with different people around the world. For instance, Facebook, Twitter, and Google are some of the social media networks that became popular in most countries over the decades. The use of the so cial media seems not to be the source of happiness among people’s lives. Individuals are mostly like to avoid to use social media because they believe that it had negative effects such as cyberbullying and misinformationRead MoreThe Uses And Gratifications Research Of Mass Communication Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgratifications research of Mass Communication is still relevant in the modern world as well as considering the possibility that the Era of Mass Communication has ended completely. According to Thomas E. Ruggiero, the uses and gratifications are evolving to approach towards the new mass communication form, from the early years of newspaper, radio and television, and now the Internet (Ruggiero, 2000). These technologies are used to reach large audiences for media purposes. Internet and social networking has becomeRead MoreEssay about Week Three Assignment Hca 3201284 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Communication Methods HCS/320 June 17, 2013 Lyubov Kiseleva Axia College of University of Phoenix Every day in the health care field, professional have to choose the most effective communication method when communicating to other professionals, patients, patient families, and the general public. Different circumstances have very specific methods of communication that need to be utilized for communication to be effective. Furthermore, in the health care field the regulations

Teen Suicide A Growing Issue - 2095 Words

Teen suicide is a growing issue in the United States. In order to prevent it, we need a better understanding on it. What is teen suicide? Teen suicide which is better known as youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below age 24, deliberately end their own life. Rates of attempted suicide and completed youth suicide in western societies and other countries are extremely high. According to the National Institute for Mental Health, suicide is the third leading cause of death in teens and second leading cause of death in the world. In the year 2002 teen suicide rates increased dramatically. Youth suicides are mainly caused by loss of someone who is significant to them and also committed suicide. It is highly advised to keep children away from suicide contagion. Suicide contagion refers to the process where one suicide or suicidal act within school, community, or geographic area increase the likelihood that others will attempt suicide or complete suicide. S uicide contagion can also lead to what is called suicide cluster were a number of suicides can occur following an initial suicide. The national suicide prevention day is September 10. The San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge, Japan s aokigahara forest and England s beachy head are the most famous suicide locations. In all of these there are signs posted with contact information for suicide hotlines. The jump from the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is 250 feet. Falling this high canShow MoreRelatedThe Growing Issue Of Suicide904 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 9 October 12 The Growing Issue: Suicide Suicide is a very large and growing problem in American teens. It is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents, following accidental injury and coming before homicide, it affects not only the teens that commit suicide but everyone around them, and it can be solved by learning how to deal with the people who are having suicidal. Suicide is the act or instance of taking ones life voluntarily and intentionally. Suicide may seem like somethingRead MoreAnalysis Of Frank Bruni s Today s Exhausted Superkids 863 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Bruni expresses his deep thought of the â€Å"super† teens becoming exhausted on the high school or college campus in his article, â€Å"Today’s Exhausted Superkids†. He supports his main idea by using details of teenagers trying to outrule each other. Bruni begins the article by discussing how sleep needs to be a top priority in students’ lives. Bruni makes very valid points while writing about society’s pu sh for students to become more involved in extracurricular and advanced classes, while also suggestingRead MoreSuicide Prevention : The Dangers Of Teen Suicide And Suicide736 Words   |  3 PagesTeen Suicide is dangerous. You might think your child’s not at risk, that they are completely fine. Think again, everyones child is at risk. Child and teen suicide is only growing and it’s increasing risk doesn’t seem to be slowing down. Teen Suicide Prevention is the way to protecting our younger generation from fighting depression. Through reminding our kids their life is worth it, the amazing Sources of Strength program, and through telling our kids the dangers of teen depression, we can resolveRead MoreTeen Suicide, Depressing Isn t It? If You Only Knew?1158 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Suicide, Depressing Isn’t It? If You Only Knew †¦ According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, suicide is a noun defined as the act of taking your own life because you do not want to continue living. Teenage is a noun defined as relating to people who are between thirteen and nineteen years old (Merriam-Webster). Several factors can lead to a teenager making the decision to commit suicide. When it does happen or an attempt is made, it can be very difficult to pinpoint the reason(s). TeensRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide of any kind is an act in which a person takes his or her own life. FACT: Suicide is a prevalent cause of death among America’s youth today.Each and every day almost 1000 teenagers think about suicide and about 0.018% of them will be successful in committing it.† It is an ongoing problem that is often described as uncalled for immature and unnecessary. But having a deeper understanding and better knowledge are some key factors for preventing teenage suicide. This â⠂¬Å"problem† most likely startRead MoreThe Importance Of Suicide Prevention1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s own death. Suicides happen every day and the emotional impact such an act has on individuals, families, and communities is devastating and tragic. Unfortunately, suicide has become a much bigger social issue than society likes to admit. Many people seem to think of teenage years as their happiest years in life but what others do not know is that someone can be suffering from pain caused by an emotional or environmental issue. Suicide preventionRead MoreEssay about Bullying: A Major Problem in Today’s Schools563 Words   |  3 PagesBullying has been a major problem in today’s schools Bullying is a major problem in today’s society, especially among teens. With teens spending most of their time at school this environment must be as safe as possible. Schools need to be more proactive in addressing the issue of bullying because many students are bullied in many different ways, the effects can be deadly, and students deserve a safe place to learn. At schools kids are getting bullied in many different ways. For example, studentsRead MoreSuicide Should Never Be Cast Aside1337 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide is deliberately taking one’s own life, in the United States this continues to be a serious problem and is the third leading cause of death among adolescents. With rates of suicide among young people doubling over the past fifty years. Teenagers who experience a sudden trauma growing up can intensify negative feelings and for some teens suicide is the solution they turn to escape their stresses and problems. One of the myths of suicidal talk amongst adolescents is that it is often a ploy usedRead MoreHow Cyberbullying Is Affecting Teens1200 Words   |  5 Pages How Cyberbullying Is Affecting Teens Lisa Chouinard University of Central Florida Abstract Cyberbullying is a growing problem among the teen population. The abuse that is taking place online has a much more far reaching effect than physical bullying, since it is available to a much larger audience. It has the ability to cause serious psychological effects on teens that could lead to depression and possible suicide. The reason for this, is because a teen’s self-esteem and self-worthRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pages† offer little comfort, and even less hope to those considering suicide. Amongst U.S teens, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death more so than cancer, AIDS, chronic drug use, and heart disease combined. Common risk factors are bullying in school, history of sexual abuse, alcohol, and drug addiction, along with a history of mental illness in the family. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and suicide in urban, and remote areas. Factors such as social deprivation,

World War Two Essay - 1315 Words

ne treatment to be after enlightenment, along with war becoming more common and aggressive. The first thing I asked myself when I read this question was what first comes to mind when you think of war the worst war I know of. I immediately thought of my knowledge of World War Two. Today that is one of the most brutal things to look back on. Holocaust was incredibly brutal and inhuman. The things people endured are unimaginable. That was less than on hundred years ago and it doesn’t seem to be improving. I don’t think you can ever say war is ever humane. It is people fighting for what they believe in and doing what they think is right. Most of the time they will kill and do what ever is needed to win the argument. I think one thing that†¦show more content†¦It is also known that not everyone will completely agree with each other all the time. That is where I find Kant saying that we will abolish aggressive war entirely to be untrue. The largest wars happened aft er the enlightenment period and with each war the number of deaths grow. No two people are ever the same. They come from diverse backgrounds and have different experiences. It doesn’t matter if they are from the same town two people are never just alike. This causes problem and disagreements, which will eventually lead to war. Right now, we are in period with no major world wars, there are small ones in many nations. Looking from a world stand point this is seen as a time of peace, but like we talked about in class this correlates with the world right before WWI. Unfortunately, if history repeats itself within the next 50 years wars will ravage the earth again. Aside from the two world wars the number of casualties rise over time. The Taiping war in China from 1851-1864 is where over 22 million people died. That is far more than the thirty years war from 1618-1648, which was said to have over 5 million deaths. The wars many have little connection, but prove the point that war s less than 200 years apart and the amount of deaths more than triples in a third of the time. This is due to rise in total population. Proving my point again the rise of population only brings more issues and we all know issue lead to war. No matter ow bad we want it worldShow MoreRelated World War Two Essay example4701 Words   |  19 PagesWorld War Two On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britains effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There areRead MoreThe Aftermath of World War Two Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Aftermath of World War II Some people argue that faith and reason are two completely unrelated concepts. This statement could not be further from the truth. Both faith and reason separate man from animal. Man possesses the ability to think his way through obstacles. When a situation appears too great for logic, faith brings man to the next level. During World War II faith and reason worked side by side. Politicians and military leaders employed reason to break down and destroy theRead MoreEssay on World War Two Interview1016 Words   |  5 Pages Oral Report I chose the easy route of interview my grandpa (Dean Randel) who served in World War II as flight deck operator that signaled the aircrafts and got them ready for flight. He was station in San Diego on the USS Wisconsin which was of course a aircraft carrier. As I grew up he always told me stories of the good times he had with buddies and just living the good life. This is a first for me to sit down one on one with him and hear about what went on. Before I could even get a word inRead MoreEssay about World War Two603 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War Two World War II was a major event in European history. It changed the world forever. The events would shape Europe until the Second World War. There were severe consequences of this war. These consequences can be broken into social, political, economic and psychological consequences. WWI definitely was a pivotal point in history. There were many social effects of World War I. Women became the majority of the work force. All of the men went to the military so someone hadRead More America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of the American culture Read More Conscription in World War Two Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages The act of applying conscription during the First and Second World Wars have nearly torn Canada apart. The conscription crisis of 1917 was a treacherous event that occurred during the First World War. During this time the relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada were in an all time low in our Canadian history. The Quà ©bà ©cois thought conscription was merely unnecessary no matter what circumstance; while all other Canadians did essentially want conscription occur. The contrast was inevitablyRead MoreWorld Wars One and Two Essay561 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The way the First World War ended left embittered and unresolved issues and disputes that would prove to carry on and would lay the foundation for the second World War two decades later. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Treaty of Versailles can be said to be the single most important, indirect cause of World War II. It placed the blame, or quot;war guiltquot; solely upon Germany. Secondly, harsh reparations imposed by the treaty hampered the German economy by causingRead MoreEssay on Summary of World War Two1195 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of World War Two World War II is the name commonly given to the global conflict of 1939-1945. It is said to be the greatest and most destructive war in world history. The World War II military operations were conducted primarily in Europe but also in Asia, Africa, and the far islands of the Pacific as well. More than 17 million members of the armed forces perished during the conflict. It caused strain on the economic capabilities of the major nations and left many countries on theRead MoreThe Effects of World War Two Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of World War Two WWII was one of the wars that had the most devastating effects on peoples live in Europe. During five years citizens of the different countries suffered from this brutal war to which they were condemned by their government. Two of the most affected home fronts during this war, were Britain, and Germany. Women, children were the most affected, and by many they were the moral support for their brigades, while men wre fighting in the front line. When war broke out inRead More A German Perspective on World War Two Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesA German Perspective on World War Two In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Catholic. Then they came for me -- and by that time there was nobody left to speak up. -Martin Niemà ¶ller

Strategic Management for Gaining and Sustaining Competitive

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Gaining and Sustaining Competitive. Answer: The advent of globalization and also the recent advancements in the technological fields have made the business world much more competitive than it was a few decades ago (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Therefore, the various business organizations often take the help of various strategic and competitive market analysis frameworks to analyze the level of competition faced by them in the business market (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The Porters five forces framework is one such framework which helps the various business organizations to analyze the level of competition faced by them in the current business market (Porter 1996). Spotify is a Sweden based company which was founded in the year 2008 and is generally considered to be one of the best music, podcast, and video streaming service providers in the industry presently (Spotify.com. 2018). The company was initially started in the nation of Sweden however presently the company caters to the needs and the requirements of the customer s from the various diverse parts of the globe (Spotify.com. 2018). A Porters five forces analysis of the company would reveal the following facts- Threat of new entrants The company Spotify is one of the leading ones in the world and caters to the needs and the requirements of the customers from the various parts of the world (Spotify.com. 2018). In addition to that, the company provides free as well as premium services to the customers (Spotify.com. 2018). Therefore, it would be apt to say that the company faces a very low level of threat from the various new entrants in the market in which the company Spotify conducts its business. Threat of substitutes The company in addition to the premium services also provides free services to the customers (Spotify.com. 2018). Furthermore, it is seen that many customers opt for the premium services provided by this particular company. However, it is seen that many companies provides the same kind of services to the customers at a much lower rate. Therefore, the company faces a significant amount of threat from the various substitutes which are operational in the same sector as the company Spotify. The following figure provides a list of the various competitors of the company Spotify in terms of the revenue earned by them since the year 2013- Figure 1: Monthly royalties for the top companies in the music sector Source: Spotify official website Bargaining power of the buyers It is significant to note that if the bargaining power of the customers is high then that is likely to affect the prospects or the interests of the company concerned (Porter 2008). The company Spotify has numerous competitors in the market which provide almost the same kind of services to the customers and that too at a much lower rate. Moreover, the switching cost is very low and this acts as an added advantage to the customers. Thus, it would be apt to say that the company Spotify faces a considerable amount of threat as the bargaining power of the customers who take the services offered by them is very high. Bargaining power of the suppliers In the opinion of Porter, if the bargaining power of the various suppliers whose services a particular company takes the help of is high then that is likely to impact the business of the concerned organization in a significant manner (Porter 2008). It is significant to note that the suppliers of the company Spotify are the various engineers as well as the developers who constantly upgrade the software as well as the website of the company Spotify (Spotify.com. 2018). Furthermore, the various users of the services provided by the company listen to the music over their mobile phones or computer systems. Moreover, it is to be noted that these suppliers exert a considerable influence on the business of the company Spotify. Thus, it can be said that the company faces a considerable amount of threat on this particular score. Thus, it can be said that the level of competition faced by the various companies or the business organizations in the present times has increased significantly. Therefore, it becomes essential for the various business organizations to conduct a thorough market analysis to develop new strategies so that they can overcome the market competition faced by them in the most effective manner. Thus, the various business organizations also conduct regular market as well as competitive analysis to find out the needs and the requirements of the customers and design their products or services as per the requirements of the customers. Competitive advantage can be defined as the process by means of which puts a business organization or a particular company in a superior advantage over the other companies or the business organizations (Amini, et al. 2012). In other words, the concept of competitive advantage can be defined as the process, which allows a particular company or country to produce a good or service at equal value but at a lower price or in a more desirable fashion (McGrath 2013). It is significant to note that the various companies or the business organizations often take the help of various innovative strategies to gain a competitive advantage over their rival business organizations. This strategies or policies might include price competition, quality service or goods and others. The concept of sustainable competitive advantage, on the other hand, can be defined as the process by means of which the various business organizations gain a sustainable advantage over their rivals (McGrath 2013). In other words, these advantages are the ones which are company assets, attributes, or abilities that are difficult to duplicate or exceed; and provide a superior or favorable long term position over competitors (McGrath 2013). Thus, it can be said that the concepts of competitive advantage and sustainable competitive advantage form an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations (McGrath 2013). In the opinion of Barney articulated in his 1991 article "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", resource-based view can be seen as a reaction against the positioning school and its somewhat prescriptive approach which focused managerial attention on external considerations, notably industry structure (Barney 2014). Furthermore, his article states that the emergent resource-based view argued that the source of sustainable advantage derives from doing things in a superior manner; by developing superior capabilities and resources (Barney 2014). Thus, the primary focus of this particular theory articulated by Barney is on the way the various business organizations do the basic things of their business in a much superior manner in a bid to develop sustainable advantage over their rivals (Barney 2014). The business operations of the company Spotify when viewed in the light of the theories of competitive advantage of Barney and Porter will reveal the fact that although the company started less than a decade ago yet the company has been able to gain to gain to a sufficient amount of competitive advantage over its rivals (Barney 2014). This becomes very apparent from the above given analysis of the company in terms of the Porters five forces. Furthermore, the theory of Barney focuses on the need of the various business organizations to do things in a superior manner to gain a kind of competitive advantage over their rivals. The business operation of the company Spotify when viewed in this particular light will seem very superior in comparison to the same kind of services provided by the company Spotify. The company Spotify, for example, provides not only premium services to its customers from various parts of the world but also provides free services to the customers as well. The cust omers who take the help of the premium services offered by the company get some additional benefits as well. For example, the customers belonging to the premium section not only get access to unlimited number of songs belonging to various languages as well as genres but also get the option to download these songs and music albums. In addition to these, the premium clients of the company do not have to listen to the various kinds of advertisements which the normal customers who take the help of the free services had to. It is significant to note that these are very unique features which very few companies or business organizations in the present times offer to the customers or in the manner which the company Spotify provides to its customers. Therefore, it can be said that the company Spotify possesses a certain level of advantage over its competitors. To conclude, it becomes clear that competitive advantage forms an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations. Thus, the various business organizations often take the help of various innovative business strategies to gain a considerable amount of competitive advantage over their competitors. Therefore, it is often seen that the various business organizations undertake a thorough market analysis to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. References Amini, A., Darani, M., Afshani, M. and Amini, Z., 2012. Effectiveness of marketing strategies and corporate image on brand equity as a sustainable competitive advantage.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,4(2), pp.192-205. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson higher ed. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Porter, M. E. 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 61-78 Porter, M. E. 2008. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 78-93. Spotify.com. 2018.Music for everyone.. [online] Available at: https://www.spotify.com/int/why-not-available/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018]. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.

Industrial Revolution 3 Essay Example For Students

Industrial Revolution 3 Essay INDUSTRIAL STUDIES ASSIGNMENT NO 1Development of Engineering since the Industrial RevolutionThe Main Outcomes of the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century. The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The inventiveness of our ancestors in these as well as other industries such as textiles chemical electrical and transportation contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution. The first two of these coal and iron provided the capital infrastructure and options for future development, whilst textiles supported and encouraged developments. Coal was originally mined by small groups even families, using the long wall system. * SEE DIA 1. This technique was changed dramatically with the invention of the Commen engine. * SEE DIA 2. (named after its inventor THOMAS NEWCOMMEN) This was a pump that pumped the water out of coalmines allowing deeper more productive mines to be worked by more people. This in turn had effects on the production of ironIn the early 1700s iron was produced by burning vast quantities of wood. The production techniques were crude. Technology had already provided machines like the newcommen engine; this pumping device allowed ABRAHAM DARBY II to fill a millpond to power a water wheel for a blast furnace. This enabled the production of better quality pig iron. This technique provided the iron for the manufacture of one of the major symbols of the industrial revolution the Ironbridge over the river seven. * SEE DIA 3. A water wheel also played a major part in one of the first inventions within the textile industry. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented the water frame for spinning (1769) this device was used by local man JEDEDIAH STRUTT in a mill at Cromford. The changes within the textile industry from wool to cotton called for more and more mechanisation. The mechanisation of the industry also led the setting up of the first factories; some of the first major mechanical devices were to be used in these factories. Such as JOHN KAYS Flying Shuttle (1733), JAMES HARGEAVES Spinning Jenny (1764), SAMUEL CROMPTONS Spinning Mule (1779), and EDMUND CARTWRIGHTS Power Loom (1785). To name a few. Cotton was being imported from the Americas in the early 1700s. This material made the cities of Manchester and Nottingham increase in size over cities like Exeter and Norwich as they relied on wool. These increases in sizes in our industrial towns coincided with an explosion in population, which has not been fully understood or explained since. All of these factors paved the way forward for a rapid rate of economic and social growth. Which spurred on the industrialisation of our country. Development of New Energy Conversion MachinesThe very first machines to be produced at the start of the industrial revolution were used in the textile industry. These machines utilised the waterpower from rivers and millponds to drive the various mechanisms employed. The first powered invention was the steam engine, originally the invention of THOMAS NEWCOMMEN (1705) but later developed by JAMES WATT (1769) Watt eventually went into partnership with MATHEW BOULTON to produce a rotary engine. This very important invention was used by mill owners to drive SAMUEL Comptons mule. They were also used in waterworks and breweries. After this came the non-condensing steam engine by RICHARD TREVITHICK who m in 1801 was the first to put into operation an engine carrying passengers. And then in 1804 he made the first application to the hauling of heavy loads along a railway. His locomotive carried 10 tons about 91/2 miles. He is considered by many to be the real inventor of the steam locomotive whereas GEORGE STEVENSONS first locomotive The BULCHER was first demonstrated in July 1814. His ROCKET of 1829 achieved 29 miles per hour. This is another great symbol of the Industrial Revolution and was the starting point of the modern railways. Later developments were the use of diesel and electricity. The first machine for producing electricity was invented in 1672 by OTTO VON GUERICKE. A French scientist CHARLES FRANCIOS DU CISTERNAY DU FAY discovered the two types of electrical charges around 1745. In 1879 JOSEPH SWAN developed the electric light bulb. He together with THOMAS EDDISON began light bulb manufacture in Gateshead. In 1884 CHARLES PARSONS steam turbines (another Gateshead invention) were being utilised all over the country to produce electricity to provide light in factories and to power electric trams. These powerhouses as they were called were in the private sector of the industry and remained highly competitive. The major power producing company of that time was the Newcastle upon Tyne Power Company. The use of electricity led to the development of electrical motors to power early machines like trams, hoovers, sewing machines and countless other inventions. In 1926 the central electricity board established the national grid, this standardised electrical outputs and voltages across the country whereas before there had been chaotic variations in voltages and frequencies of supply and use. The use of electricity in factories after this standardisation led to the increased production of the new transport industries. The manufacture of bicycles, aircraft, and most predominantly the motor car increased with the utilisation of all forms of electrically powered machines. There were also increases in all forms of electrical engineering from light bulbs and radios to generating plant and machinery. Natural Resources e.g. Coal PetrochemicalsThe British coal industry was the major contributor to the Industrial Revolution. The industry utilised the first steam powered engines of Newcommen and many more that followed. As production grew from these applications the new railways were used to transport the vast amounts of coal being produced. In 1830 steam power could wind men and coal up and down a few hundred feet. By the 1860s there were pithead engines of 1500 hp. For 100 years from 1850 coal made up more than half of the railways freight. In 1913 one out of every 14 British workers was employed at a coalmine. In the same year there were 3,289 pits. Coal was used to power the giant iron works and the textile industry. The gasworks of the early 1800s were burning thousands of tons per year. The coal used in these gasworks was roasted and this resulted in coke as a waste product. This coke was then sold on to the ironworks. In the 1860s British engineers were still improving the steam engine. But there French and German counterparts were short of steam coal so they turned there attention to gas. A Frenchman ETIENE LENOIR made the first internal combustion engine. ContdAfter the first oil wells were sunk in America it was possible to use petrol vapour instead of gas. In about 1885 two Germans KARL BENZ and GOTTLEIB DAIMLER fitted such an engine to a horseless carriage. That was the start of the motor car industry. Petrol was bought from the USA but this was expensive. Oil refineries were built around the coast to make petrol from the oil we bought from the Arab countries. Oil refining gave us the raw materials for man- made fibres such as rayon, nylon, and terelene. The Arabs raised the price of their crude oil when Britain gave its support to Israel. Britain had fortunately found oil recently of the coast in the North Sea. This oil and later gas was pumped ashore by private companies. The Change from Agriculture To Industry Britains change from an agricultural society to the industrial nation it became was an extremely necessary development. In the 1700s there were only 5 million people in the whole country. The vast majority of these people using their local environment to support themselves. Britain was a nation of villages relying on home-grown produce and livestock. As the population expanded at a remarkable rate our productivity had to improve. Our ability to manufacture goods from the raw materials we were importing from our colonisation of the world prepared our nation for the tremendous changes. The merchants that prospered in these times spent their money on the luxuries of large houses and carriages, although some of their wealth was lent to manufactures to start up new industries. They also set up or started their own banks. With the help of these banks the various industries expanded. The need for workers to build equip and run the new factories in the ever growing industrialised towns and cities changed the nation as a whole. These new industries in Britain gave the people better standards of living and some if only a little disposable income to spend on consumer goods. All of these factors paved the way forward for a rapid rate of growth, which spurred on the industrialisation of our nation. Emergence of New Crafts, Skills, And Professions in Engineering. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution new industries created the needs for new skills, workers of the day had to adapt and train to the new methods and working patterns. One of the greatest engineers of the Industrial Revolution was ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL (1803-1859). He designed and oversaw the building of the Great Western Railway and the first transatlantic steamship The Greatwestern. (sadly the last ship built on the Thames). Brunel as engineer had to take on many duties covering many aspects of his projects. At one time he took overall charge of 4,000 men and 300 h orses working around the clock on a tunnel building project. Engineers were very skilled and highly competent men able to take on the roles of: landsurveyer, carpenter, mason, brickmaker, boatmaker, paymaster and supervisor. One industry that had a major influence over the working patterns at the start of the Industrial Revolution was the pottery industry, a man called JOSHUA WEDGEWOOD built a factory in Staffordshire and trained his workers in separate skills or tasks. There were different jobs created such as throwers, turners, pressers, dippers, brushers, placers, colour grinders, and modellers. No longer did a single person make a single product from beginning to end. In the early 1790s weekly wages in his factories ranged from 1s for a boy who helped handle horses to 42s (2.10) for a skilled hand painter. The skills required in precision engineering were to brought to the industry by two great engineers BOULTON and WATT, they combined the precision skills of the watch and cloc kmakers (These highly skilled craftsmen worked with brass in almost microscopic detail.) with the skills of millwrights. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher In The Rye EssayThe Main Branches of IndustryEngineering industryLight engineering heavy engineeringMechanical electrical/electronic mechanical electricalTooling The Broad Divisions of Heavy and Light IndustryHeavy industry can be divided into different sectors of production the mains ones being machinery, chemical, steel, vehicle, and shipping. The companies involved in this type of industry are usually very large, with a large amount of labour, plant and equipment and a very large annual turnover. The companies within heavy industry can produce products that are so large and time consuming that they often have a stronghold over their chosen market. Light industry on the other hand is diverse in its extremely varied products and applications, these can be an object so small that the human eye cannot see to large scale manufacture of extremely accurate components. The companies in this sector of engineering can vary from large multinationals producing thousands of different items to one man operated businesses producing one off products to the specific requirements of their customers. The Structure of Industry ?Nationalised Industries, Monopolies, Co-operatives and Small Firms. Britains first industries were nationalised by the conservatives before the war. These were the National Grid, London Transport and two airline companies. After the war the Labour party added to these with B.E.A. and the Bank of England, these were small steps in comparison to the eventual nationalisation of the coal, steel, electricity, gas, and transport industries. In nationalising these various important industries the government didnt expect the boards who oversaw these giants to make big profits. The main reason for nationalisation was to see that these industries were modernised. Before the nationalisation of the National Grid there were 500 separately owned power stations providing electricity to the National Grid. Nationalisation of the coal industry gave the chance to end the long running disputes between miners and their owners, and also made it possible to mechanise the smaller pits. The companies nationalised were by coincidence the major suppliers of their products, whe n this occurs within industry the companies concerned are said to be monopolies. Monopolies are formed when a manufacturing or supplying company has is the sole supplier of the product or service. These monopolies have the power to dictate to customers rather than the other way around. British gas had the monopoly on the gas supplies, British Telecom the monopoly on the supply and use of the telephone and ancillary equipment, as did the very large companies within the electricity distribution sector. Co-operatives. In 1844 a small group of Rochdale weavers found 28 people to pay 1 each to start the Rochdale equitable pioneers, they used the money to decorate an old warehouse in Toad Lane and to buy goods and open a shop. Customers were given a dividend on each article they bought. The idea quickly spread through the north of England, in just seven years there were 130 shops owned by the co-operative societies, in 1863 there were enough societies to start there own suppliers, the co-operative wholesale society (C.W.S.). In 1872 the CWS began to make its own biscuits, boots and soap and a wide range of own brand goods, the CWS improved living standards of millions who went there for their shopping, insurance and the first dignified funerals working class people could afford. small firms within the engineering industry are usually supported by the needs of the larger engineering companies, small specialist firms can produce items or components that might be one offs or long runs of intricate design, these items can be bought by the larger companies cheaper than it would cost them to set up their own production. The Role of Trade Unions and Employer OrganisationsThe role of the trade unions in the early stages of the coal mining industry was to try to promote safety and get better deals for its members. The early trade unions were known as trade societies, these societies helped members who were out of work by using letters or tickets to help them obtain work from other societies outside their own towns. Sometimes society men would combine against an employer or master. They would use this and another method called tuning out or striking to try to pursuade their masters to agree to a rise in wages or stop new machinery entering their workshops. When the masters found these combinations were siding together on them they went to the parliament for help, in 1797 parliament passed a law prohibiting these combinations in 40 trades. These laws didnt work and the societies grew and multiplied in number. Other groups often organised themselves to attempt to stop the use of machines, the often used f orce and smashed up the machinery that they thought threatened their livelihoods, they were known as the LUDDITES. Parliament passed a bill to make this smashing of machines punishable by hanging and in many counties in the north of England Luddites were hanged for their offences,The first national trade union was the A.S.E. the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Their membership was made up of skilled people and journeymen who paid a weekly subscription of 1/-, the A.S.E. offered pensions and benefits for sickness and death, and it also built up a sizeable strike fund. It could afford a headquarters in London and a full time official to put members views across to M.Ps newspaper editors and anyone else who might support their cause. Employer organisationsAs the power of the trade unions grew a counterforce was required by the employers. In 1870 the national federation of employers associated was founded. By 1936 there were a total of1820 employers organisations registered, they mainly dealt with wage bargaining and labour questioning in general. A forum was created for the exchange of technical ideas and development. Pressure groups encouraged favourable legislation. In todays industry, employers organisations fall into two categories:1. Those concerned with the common interest of a particular trade or technology. The engineering employers federation in London co-ordinates the engineering employers association, this operates at local level and is largely concerned with wage bargaining and representing engineering employers interests locally and nationally. 2. General groups of employers, for example, the confederation of British industry, this balances the role of the TUC this also acts as a pressure group encouraging favourable government response to the requirements of British industry at home and abroad. There are also technical development associations, providing a forum for technical exchange, carrying out fundamental research on behalf of their member companies, one of these being the copper development association (C.D.A.). and the motor industry research association (M.I.R.A.).