Urban Econony Essay - 825 Words

Urban Econony (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:University:Urban Economics EssayIntroductionIn economic terms, public housing can be considered as a market. Theoretically, market enhances efficiency in allocation using the complex process that links supply and demand. Public housing is the housing tenure system where the government authority owns the property. This is established in order to provide for a safe and decent housing for the low income families, the disabled and the elderly. The public housing can be of any type and size; from single houses to the apartment complexes.In most cases, the housing authority manages the housing by charging affordable rental rates to the eligible residents. Pursuant to the program requirements, the residents will typically pay rent at almost 30% of annual adjusted income. The provisions for the utility allowances are done by the tenants. The rules and regulations of public housing are outlined in the occupancy policy (Balchin, David and Jean 2000, p.16 ).1[Balchin Paul, David Isaac, and Jean Jinghan. Chen. Urban Economics: A Global Perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave, 2000. pp. 16-18.] Public housing may be restricted to families and individuals with low income levels and the submerged middle class, which may be temporarily out of labor market in case of a depression. The housing authority approves the eligibility based on the annual gross income, the age and disability, the citizenship or immigration status. After the approval of eligibility, the housing authority examines the credit, criminal and rental history. Withdrawal of admission is done upon dissatisfaction of the applicant's behavior by the housing authority. The authority sets income limits for the metropolitan or county area where the housing project has been located (Balchin, David and Jean 2000, p.18).1Public housing is critical in handling the inner-city isolation and poverty. Proper housing is necessary for human life and is an improvement to life chances among the slum residents. Therefore, public housing is considered as a state's responsibility in ensuring that the citizens have affordable, and decent housing (Cisneros and Lora 2009, p.24).2Traditionally, poor housing has as an association with high mortality and crime rates. These problems have endangered the lives of the residents and lead to the psychological afflictions because of epidemics due to overcrowding and other unsanitary conditions. Public housing projects have played a significantÂÂ  role in ensuring better housing. This is done through the establishment of low-income housing that can be sustainable. These are intrinsically better when compared to the traditional ones. The designs are sustainable, and they incorporate water conserving and energy efficient technologies in appliances for the buildings. Furthermore, governments have played a crucial role in formulating acts that offer protection against recurring unemployment and outline the remedies for unsanitary and unsafe housing (Cisneros and Lora 2009, p.25).2[Cisneros, Henry, and Lora Engdahl. From Despair to Hope: The New Promise of the Public Housing in America's Cities. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2009. pp. 24-25.] Problems with Public Housing.The problems affecting the public housing are considered to be basic and involve the economic development in an area.Development problems.The key developmental constraints in public housing include high populations in urban centers, environmental degradation, natural disasters and low economic power. These affect the public housing either directly or indirectly. Many countries suffer from crushing debt-service, the shrinking foreign investments, high interest rates, and unfavorable terms of trade. This leads to the decline of commodity prices within the world market (Garb 2003, p. 1421).3The increase in population within the urban centers leads to reduced housing space. The increased population demands an increa se in infrastructural and housing facilities. Some natural disasters like floods and earthquakes destroy the existing housing stock. As a result of the invariability, there will be overstretching of the meager resources. The housing constraints can be outlined as increased urbanization and population growth, insufficient housing finance, the land tenure and the costs, expensive and inadequate building materials, low purchasing power of the prospective buyers, and low housing priority by the construction sector (Garb 2003, p. 1423).3The overriding factors affecting the public housing include the availability of finances, cost of the building materials and the land tenure. Many countries have never prioritized the production of the building materials for public housing in their plan of action. The public housing has been violated. The originalobjectives ignored include the increase of self reliance, effectiveness in the mobilization of the human resources, creation of the industrial base and satisfaction of the basic needs of the citizen, and national development of building materials. The other objective is the construction sector encouraging involvement of women during housing construction (Garb 2003, p. 1426).3[Garb, Margaret. " Morality, Housing and Health: "Tenement Problem" within Chicago." The American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003). pp. 1421-1426.] Local Building materials.Consumption of local building materials for many countries in is not easy. Often, supply is insufficient to meet demand for the materials. Many countries require stimulation of the building materials like stabilized soil and lime. In many countries, use of lime is at the early development stages, and the little available is enormously charged. Therefore, most of the houses have been developed using local building materials because of the cost advantage over other materials that are popularly used. Furthermore, the skills involved in building and construction may be unavailable in some countries. Therefore, laying costs tend to be high when compared with local methods (Glaeser and Joseph 2008, p.36).4Cost of building materials.Building materials compose the single largest input requirement in any housing construction. The supply of some of the popular building materials in many countries is insufficient and expensive. Moreover, the local materials that are available are cheap and of low quality. The research in building materials is not fully developed to marketable level. This results to deplorable conditions in shelters and unavailability of basic shelters. This has facilitated unfavorable patterns in general growth of the population, as well as high migration rates to urban areas. This has resulted to stagnation of the government efforts in improving the situation (Griffiths and Tita 2009, p. 474).5[Glaeser, Edward and Joseph, Gyourko. Rethinking of the Federal Housing Policies. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press, 2008. p. 36.5Griffiths, Elizabeth Tita, Geo rge. Homicide In and Around Public Housing: Is Public Housing a Hotbed, a Magnet, or a Generator of Violence for the Surrounding Community? Social Problems 56 (2009). p. 474] The sector of building materials suffers from high dependence on imports. The opportunities to exploit indigenous systems of production of the materials are marginally exploited. Many countries are lagging behind in their efforts towards the promotion of the building materials, especially those based on the indigenous factor inputs. As a result, the local resources are inadequate due to inadequate strategies for development and expansion of the sector of local building materials. Building materials are believed to contribute greatly to the national economic recovery. Nevertheless, the scarce resources have been drained on importing the building materials. The full exploitation for the raw materials is inaccessible because of different constraints; these constrains include unavailability of data on the characte ristics of materials and the financial constraints towards the exploitation of the raw materials (Griffiths and Tita 2009, p. 477).6Many countries have sufficient raw material reserves, but full exploitation tends to be limited due to unavailability of sufficient data on properties of raw materials and the financial barriers. The necessary technologies lack full implementation and expertise in carrying out of the activities towards development of building materials is insufficient (Jacob 2004, p. 233).7[6 Griffiths, Elizabeth Tita, George. Homicide In and Around Public Housing: Is Public Housing a Hotbed, a Magnet, or a Generator of Violence for the Surrounding Community? Social Problems 56 (2009). p. 477. 7 Jacob, Brian A. "The Public Housing, the Housing Vouchers, and the Student Achievement: Evidence from the Public Housing Demolitions in Chicago." The American Economic Review 94 (2004).pp. 233-235.] Factors limiting use of local building materials.Technical factors.Use of loc al building materials is associated with technical problems that affect the acceptance degree in the housing sector (Jacob 2004, p. 235).7 The high water absorbent rates reduce the strength of these materials, hence deterioration of the resulting building. Other materials like wood are highly susceptible to termite attack; bio-degeneration tendencies can be easily affected by fires.Economic factors.Many families with insufficient economic capacity result to self-help housing. High sacrifices in finances involved and the tenant caters for all the risks. The quality, construction rate and availability of amenities act as determinants of the financial capabilities (Galeser Joseph 2008, p.62).8Institutional factors.[8 Glaeser, Edward and Joseph, Gyourko. Rethinking of the Federal Housing Policies. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press, 2008. pp. 62-64.] The codes of practice and specification standards i...

Capital Punishment A Question Of Life And Death

Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death Introduction: The debate about capital punishment, commonly referred to as â€Å"the death penalty†, is as old as the death penalty itself. It is caused by different controversial opinions about the propriety and legitimacy of the death penalty. It’s not surprising that since the start of this debate the philosophical or ethical arguments against or in favour of the death penalty has remained notably unchanged. Thesis statement: The public concern about the death penalty has reasonably resulted from perceived risk that errors in the legal system and potential political and personal bias; could result in the execution of innocent people. Paragraph 1: According to Amnesty International, â€Å"The death penalty legitimizes an irreversible act of violence by the state and will inevitably claim innocent victims. As long as human justice remains fallible, the risk of executing the innocent can never be eliminated .† International attention has started focusing on the frequent discovery of innocent people convicted as the failure of law enforcement systems. Over the past twenty years there have been many well publicized cases in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States as well as Canada of wrongfully convicted persons. Thus, public confidence has been eroded as unjust conviction represents a triple failure of the criminal justice systems; innocent has been put in jail; a true criminal is privileged to enjoyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Death Penalty1342 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today’s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruelRead MoreLiterature Review on Death Penalty1028 Words   |  5 PagesDo You Agree With The Death Penalty? Abstract The main focus on this literature review paper is going to be over â€Å"Do you agree with the death penalty?†. I gathered information by asking a series of questions of other individuals. Some of the questions I asked was, â€Å"Do you think the death penalty is a deterrent from a crime?†, and â€Å"How should the death penalty be administered?† My goal is to find out how many people agree or disagree with the death penalty, and why. This will be a goodRead MoreThe Moral, Legal, and Economical Aspects of Capital Punishment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has long been a topic for heated debate throughout the United States of America and the civilized world. For many politicians, the death penalty has been a key pillar to winning a state or election; and, to some extent, politics have been a key influence in America’s justice system. Many nations have outlawed capital punishment, with the United States included between 1972 and 1976. In t he United States, there has been a renewed movement for this â€Å"eye for an eye† method, citingRead More The Need for Capital Punishment in America Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagescrime as murder is punishable by death. Americans should take a position for anyone on death row, to be executed sooner rather than later. 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The court, who administers the law enacted by parliament, will, after conviction of a criminal who has done serious offence, sentence him to be killedRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Viewed With Two Different Thoughts782 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment is viewed with two different thoughts, those for it and those against it. There are those who feel that it is not right to take another person’s life for it makes the system responsible for the death no better than the convicted murderer. The Catholic Church is on of this out there who opposes to the death penalty. â€Å"Over the past several decades, the Catholic Church has become an influential voice in the public debate about the death penalty(Klein).† Because of the influence theRead MoreCa pital Punishment Should Be Allowed955 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is execution, which can furthermore be identified as the death penalty, has been a hot topic in the public eye for a while. The question on lots of minds is whether it is acceptable for the state to terminate one’s life for the crime they have committed. A significant question that we will address is whether or not capital punishment should be allowed. By inquiring more information about this topic people should be able to formulate their own opinions on this debate. As I began

The Importance Of Writing An Criminal Justice - 1091 Words

Criminal Justice is basically a system that practices getting those who violates the law with any kind of crime attempts. That is why writing skills is important in Criminal Justice. In these formal organizations, policies, procedural guidelines for specific practices, memoranda, press releases, research reports, and communications with judicial and legislative bodies are all forms of written media. Leadership ability and program development are closely related to writing skills. It will boost your confidence and awareness towards any challenge. You will also examine the operations of the various systems of criminal justice. Here are some examples and my opinions of what I think about writing in criminal justice. Writing in this field is very important because all incidents, arrests, collisions, etc, must be cited in clear, concise language. lets say you are a public information officer, so that means you have to write a press release on a daily basis. If you have audience that are different then you can either go to their level and write your best where they can read it, or you don’t write how you usually write. For an example, just write your report with good details and make sure they can understand it. Every report should be written so any organization can read it and get a clear picture of the assets. Since criminal and civil court cases go before juries, you have to write reports in plain language, with the assumption that they have no law enforcement or legalShow MoreRelatedImportance of College Education in the Field of Criminal Justice656 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of College Educat ion in Criminal Justice Field: The criminal justice field has careers that provide an individual with great rewards and significant opportunities to an extent that the profession is considered as one with the bright spots in employment. Even though education in this field has had a checkered history and past, it probably has a bright future because of the increased quest for quality in criminal justice education. In the past few years, the criminal justice field hasRead MoreInvestigation Of Criminal Justice And Corrections1539 Words   |  7 Pages Criminal Justice and Corrections Staci Pribbenow Kaplan University Introduction Criminal justice has been a passion of mine for many years. It wasn’t until recently that I decided to go back to school to obtain my master’s degree in criminal justice. I have chosen to focus on the field of corrections in the criminal justice system. I want to make a difference and help those individuals that need help once being released from a prison setting. 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We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people make decisions like these everyday. Early philosophers and scientists looked carefully and dug deep into the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using theories

Social Media And Its Effect On Communication - 1269 Words

Social media and social networking seems to be play an imperative part in individuals lives around the world. Not only is it part of your everyday life, but it is also about of the workforce world as well. Many can debate whether social media is crippling or in fact improving our communication skills. Perhaps sitting behind a computer communicating with our family and friends seems to be getting easier. However, what happen to the days where one would have to pick up the phone and reach out to their family friends? Rather they now use Facebook, snapchat, email or even more popular with the millennials is sending a text message to say what they want to or to ask a question. Social media may be a fun to communicate of keep up with your†¦show more content†¦It is a constant source of news, entertainment, and education for users around the world. Furthermore, technology, and social media did not achieve its popularity until about ten to fifteen years ago, Twitter, Facebook, Inst agram and other similar social media outlets have become the most visited destinations on the internet. They are now accessible at the click of our thumbs. These said websites allow its users to quickly and easily share pictures, send an invite to a party or have a conversation whether it is with pictures or words with other users; theoretically simplifying social interaction. These services, through a combination of accessibility, simplicity, and intuitive design promote positive social behavior by encouraging interaction among our relatives, acquaintances and our colleagues. Social media is being utilized by businesses, whether it is for recruitment reasons, to promote a product or an event they will be hosting. Social media is vastly utilized by students, for example when taking an online course that is the only way really to communicate with their classmates. Parents have now had to come to terms with the times and learn to use social media, whether it is to keep tracker of their kids, or to solely communicate with their children. Social media is being used in various forms by numerous platforms for many reasons. I find the role social media plays throughout the world when it comes to communicationShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Communication1361 Words   |  6 PagesDuring a crisis, social media channels such as blogs, Facebook pages and instant messages can be used to keep stakeholders updated, stay connected with stakeholders, and collectively find a solution to overcome a crisis (Ulmer et al., 2015). 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Teen Suicide A Growing Issue - 2095 Words

Teen suicide is a growing issue in the United States. In order to prevent it, we need a better understanding on it. What is teen suicide? Teen suicide which is better known as youth suicide is when a young person, generally categorized as someone below age 24, deliberately end their own life. Rates of attempted suicide and completed youth suicide in western societies and other countries are extremely high. According to the National Institute for Mental Health, suicide is the third leading cause of death in teens and second leading cause of death in the world. In the year 2002 teen suicide rates increased dramatically. Youth suicides are mainly caused by loss of someone who is significant to them and also committed suicide. It is highly advised to keep children away from suicide contagion. Suicide contagion refers to the process where one suicide or suicidal act within school, community, or geographic area increase the likelihood that others will attempt suicide or complete suicide. 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Many people seem to think of teenage years as their happiest years in life but what others do not know is that someone can be suffering from pain caused by an emotional or environmental issue. Suicide preventionRead MoreEssay about Bullying: A Major Problem in Today’s Schools563 Words   |  3 PagesBullying has been a major problem in today’s schools Bullying is a major problem in today’s society, especially among teens. With teens spending most of their time at school this environment must be as safe as possible. Schools need to be more proactive in addressing the issue of bullying because many students are bullied in many different ways, the effects can be deadly, and students deserve a safe place to learn. At schools kids are getting bullied in many different ways. For example, studentsRead MoreSuicide Should Never Be Cast Aside1337 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide is deliberately taking one’s own life, in the United States this continues to be a serious problem and is the third leading cause of death among adolescents. With rates of suicide among young people doubling over the past fifty years. Teenagers who experience a sudden trauma growing up can intensify negative feelings and for some teens suicide is the solution they turn to escape their stresses and problems. One of the myths of suicidal talk amongst adolescents is that it is often a ploy usedRead MoreHow Cyberbullying Is Affecting Teens1200 Words   |  5 Pages How Cyberbullying Is Affecting Teens Lisa Chouinard University of Central Florida Abstract Cyberbullying is a growing problem among the teen population. The abuse that is taking place online has a much more far reaching effect than physical bullying, since it is available to a much larger audience. It has the ability to cause serious psychological effects on teens that could lead to depression and possible suicide. The reason for this, is because a teen’s self-esteem and self-worthRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pages† offer little comfort, and even less hope to those considering suicide. Amongst U.S teens, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death more so than cancer, AIDS, chronic drug use, and heart disease combined. Common risk factors are bullying in school, history of sexual abuse, alcohol, and drug addiction, along with a history of mental illness in the family. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and suicide in urban, and remote areas. Factors such as social deprivation,

World War Two Essay - 1315 Words

ne treatment to be after enlightenment, along with war becoming more common and aggressive. The first thing I asked myself when I read this question was what first comes to mind when you think of war the worst war I know of. I immediately thought of my knowledge of World War Two. Today that is one of the most brutal things to look back on. Holocaust was incredibly brutal and inhuman. The things people endured are unimaginable. That was less than on hundred years ago and it doesn’t seem to be improving. I don’t think you can ever say war is ever humane. It is people fighting for what they believe in and doing what they think is right. Most of the time they will kill and do what ever is needed to win the argument. I think one thing that†¦show more content†¦It is also known that not everyone will completely agree with each other all the time. That is where I find Kant saying that we will abolish aggressive war entirely to be untrue. The largest wars happened aft er the enlightenment period and with each war the number of deaths grow. No two people are ever the same. They come from diverse backgrounds and have different experiences. It doesn’t matter if they are from the same town two people are never just alike. This causes problem and disagreements, which will eventually lead to war. Right now, we are in period with no major world wars, there are small ones in many nations. Looking from a world stand point this is seen as a time of peace, but like we talked about in class this correlates with the world right before WWI. Unfortunately, if history repeats itself within the next 50 years wars will ravage the earth again. Aside from the two world wars the number of casualties rise over time. The Taiping war in China from 1851-1864 is where over 22 million people died. That is far more than the thirty years war from 1618-1648, which was said to have over 5 million deaths. The wars many have little connection, but prove the point that war s less than 200 years apart and the amount of deaths more than triples in a third of the time. This is due to rise in total population. Proving my point again the rise of population only brings more issues and we all know issue lead to war. No matter ow bad we want it worldShow MoreRelated World War Two Essay example4701 Words   |  19 PagesWorld War Two On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britains effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There areRead MoreThe Aftermath of World War Two Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Aftermath of World War II Some people argue that faith and reason are two completely unrelated concepts. This statement could not be further from the truth. Both faith and reason separate man from animal. Man possesses the ability to think his way through obstacles. When a situation appears too great for logic, faith brings man to the next level. During World War II faith and reason worked side by side. Politicians and military leaders employed reason to break down and destroy theRead MoreEssay on World War Two Interview1016 Words   |  5 Pages Oral Report I chose the easy route of interview my grandpa (Dean Randel) who served in World War II as flight deck operator that signaled the aircrafts and got them ready for flight. He was station in San Diego on the USS Wisconsin which was of course a aircraft carrier. As I grew up he always told me stories of the good times he had with buddies and just living the good life. This is a first for me to sit down one on one with him and hear about what went on. Before I could even get a word inRead MoreEssay about World War Two603 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War Two World War II was a major event in European history. It changed the world forever. The events would shape Europe until the Second World War. There were severe consequences of this war. These consequences can be broken into social, political, economic and psychological consequences. WWI definitely was a pivotal point in history. There were many social effects of World War I. Women became the majority of the work force. All of the men went to the military so someone hadRead More America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of the American culture Read More Conscription in World War Two Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages The act of applying conscription during the First and Second World Wars have nearly torn Canada apart. The conscription crisis of 1917 was a treacherous event that occurred during the First World War. During this time the relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada were in an all time low in our Canadian history. The Quà ©bà ©cois thought conscription was merely unnecessary no matter what circumstance; while all other Canadians did essentially want conscription occur. The contrast was inevitablyRead MoreWorld Wars One and Two Essay561 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The way the First World War ended left embittered and unresolved issues and disputes that would prove to carry on and would lay the foundation for the second World War two decades later. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Treaty of Versailles can be said to be the single most important, indirect cause of World War II. It placed the blame, or quot;war guiltquot; solely upon Germany. Secondly, harsh reparations imposed by the treaty hampered the German economy by causingRead MoreEssay on Summary of World War Two1195 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of World War Two World War II is the name commonly given to the global conflict of 1939-1945. It is said to be the greatest and most destructive war in world history. The World War II military operations were conducted primarily in Europe but also in Asia, Africa, and the far islands of the Pacific as well. More than 17 million members of the armed forces perished during the conflict. It caused strain on the economic capabilities of the major nations and left many countries on theRead MoreThe Effects of World War Two Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of World War Two WWII was one of the wars that had the most devastating effects on peoples live in Europe. During five years citizens of the different countries suffered from this brutal war to which they were condemned by their government. Two of the most affected home fronts during this war, were Britain, and Germany. Women, children were the most affected, and by many they were the moral support for their brigades, while men wre fighting in the front line. When war broke out inRead More A German Perspective on World War Two Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesA German Perspective on World War Two In Germany, they first came for the communists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Catholic. Then they came for me -- and by that time there was nobody left to speak up. -Martin Niemà ¶ller

Strategic Management for Gaining and Sustaining Competitive

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Gaining and Sustaining Competitive. Answer: The advent of globalization and also the recent advancements in the technological fields have made the business world much more competitive than it was a few decades ago (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). Therefore, the various business organizations often take the help of various strategic and competitive market analysis frameworks to analyze the level of competition faced by them in the business market (West, Ford and Ibrahim 2015). The Porters five forces framework is one such framework which helps the various business organizations to analyze the level of competition faced by them in the current business market (Porter 1996). Spotify is a Sweden based company which was founded in the year 2008 and is generally considered to be one of the best music, podcast, and video streaming service providers in the industry presently (Spotify.com. 2018). The company was initially started in the nation of Sweden however presently the company caters to the needs and the requirements of the customer s from the various diverse parts of the globe (Spotify.com. 2018). A Porters five forces analysis of the company would reveal the following facts- Threat of new entrants The company Spotify is one of the leading ones in the world and caters to the needs and the requirements of the customers from the various parts of the world (Spotify.com. 2018). In addition to that, the company provides free as well as premium services to the customers (Spotify.com. 2018). Therefore, it would be apt to say that the company faces a very low level of threat from the various new entrants in the market in which the company Spotify conducts its business. Threat of substitutes The company in addition to the premium services also provides free services to the customers (Spotify.com. 2018). Furthermore, it is seen that many customers opt for the premium services provided by this particular company. However, it is seen that many companies provides the same kind of services to the customers at a much lower rate. Therefore, the company faces a significant amount of threat from the various substitutes which are operational in the same sector as the company Spotify. The following figure provides a list of the various competitors of the company Spotify in terms of the revenue earned by them since the year 2013- Figure 1: Monthly royalties for the top companies in the music sector Source: Spotify official website Bargaining power of the buyers It is significant to note that if the bargaining power of the customers is high then that is likely to affect the prospects or the interests of the company concerned (Porter 2008). The company Spotify has numerous competitors in the market which provide almost the same kind of services to the customers and that too at a much lower rate. Moreover, the switching cost is very low and this acts as an added advantage to the customers. Thus, it would be apt to say that the company Spotify faces a considerable amount of threat as the bargaining power of the customers who take the services offered by them is very high. Bargaining power of the suppliers In the opinion of Porter, if the bargaining power of the various suppliers whose services a particular company takes the help of is high then that is likely to impact the business of the concerned organization in a significant manner (Porter 2008). It is significant to note that the suppliers of the company Spotify are the various engineers as well as the developers who constantly upgrade the software as well as the website of the company Spotify (Spotify.com. 2018). Furthermore, the various users of the services provided by the company listen to the music over their mobile phones or computer systems. Moreover, it is to be noted that these suppliers exert a considerable influence on the business of the company Spotify. Thus, it can be said that the company faces a considerable amount of threat on this particular score. Thus, it can be said that the level of competition faced by the various companies or the business organizations in the present times has increased significantly. Therefore, it becomes essential for the various business organizations to conduct a thorough market analysis to develop new strategies so that they can overcome the market competition faced by them in the most effective manner. Thus, the various business organizations also conduct regular market as well as competitive analysis to find out the needs and the requirements of the customers and design their products or services as per the requirements of the customers. Competitive advantage can be defined as the process by means of which puts a business organization or a particular company in a superior advantage over the other companies or the business organizations (Amini, et al. 2012). In other words, the concept of competitive advantage can be defined as the process, which allows a particular company or country to produce a good or service at equal value but at a lower price or in a more desirable fashion (McGrath 2013). It is significant to note that the various companies or the business organizations often take the help of various innovative strategies to gain a competitive advantage over their rival business organizations. This strategies or policies might include price competition, quality service or goods and others. The concept of sustainable competitive advantage, on the other hand, can be defined as the process by means of which the various business organizations gain a sustainable advantage over their rivals (McGrath 2013). In other words, these advantages are the ones which are company assets, attributes, or abilities that are difficult to duplicate or exceed; and provide a superior or favorable long term position over competitors (McGrath 2013). Thus, it can be said that the concepts of competitive advantage and sustainable competitive advantage form an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations (McGrath 2013). In the opinion of Barney articulated in his 1991 article "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", resource-based view can be seen as a reaction against the positioning school and its somewhat prescriptive approach which focused managerial attention on external considerations, notably industry structure (Barney 2014). Furthermore, his article states that the emergent resource-based view argued that the source of sustainable advantage derives from doing things in a superior manner; by developing superior capabilities and resources (Barney 2014). Thus, the primary focus of this particular theory articulated by Barney is on the way the various business organizations do the basic things of their business in a much superior manner in a bid to develop sustainable advantage over their rivals (Barney 2014). The business operations of the company Spotify when viewed in the light of the theories of competitive advantage of Barney and Porter will reveal the fact that although the company started less than a decade ago yet the company has been able to gain to gain to a sufficient amount of competitive advantage over its rivals (Barney 2014). This becomes very apparent from the above given analysis of the company in terms of the Porters five forces. Furthermore, the theory of Barney focuses on the need of the various business organizations to do things in a superior manner to gain a kind of competitive advantage over their rivals. The business operation of the company Spotify when viewed in this particular light will seem very superior in comparison to the same kind of services provided by the company Spotify. The company Spotify, for example, provides not only premium services to its customers from various parts of the world but also provides free services to the customers as well. The cust omers who take the help of the premium services offered by the company get some additional benefits as well. For example, the customers belonging to the premium section not only get access to unlimited number of songs belonging to various languages as well as genres but also get the option to download these songs and music albums. In addition to these, the premium clients of the company do not have to listen to the various kinds of advertisements which the normal customers who take the help of the free services had to. It is significant to note that these are very unique features which very few companies or business organizations in the present times offer to the customers or in the manner which the company Spotify provides to its customers. Therefore, it can be said that the company Spotify possesses a certain level of advantage over its competitors. To conclude, it becomes clear that competitive advantage forms an important part of the overall business strategy of the various business organizations. Thus, the various business organizations often take the help of various innovative business strategies to gain a considerable amount of competitive advantage over their competitors. Therefore, it is often seen that the various business organizations undertake a thorough market analysis to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. References Amini, A., Darani, M., Afshani, M. and Amini, Z., 2012. Effectiveness of marketing strategies and corporate image on brand equity as a sustainable competitive advantage.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,4(2), pp.192-205. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson higher ed. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Porter, M. E. 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 61-78 Porter, M. E. 2008. The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 86(1), 78-93. Spotify.com. 2018.Music for everyone.. [online] Available at: https://www.spotify.com/int/why-not-available/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018]. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA.